@article {142, title = {Voorspellers van {\textquoteright}audiovisual benefit{\textquoteright} voor het perceptief scheiden van stemmen bij oudere luisteraars}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Nederlandse Vereniging voor Fonetische Wetenschappen}, address = {Utrecht, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

Oudere luisteraars hebben over het algemeen meer moeite om de spraak van een bepaalde spreker gescheiden te houden van een of meerdere concurrerende sprekers op de achtergrond. In deze studie onderzoeken we hoeveel baat iemand heeft bij het zien van het gezicht van de doelspreker bovenop het alleen horen van een mix van twee concurrerende stemmen. Veertig oudere luisteraars (65-plussers), varierend in mate van gehoorverlies, deden mee aan deze foneemdetectiestudie. Daarnaast werden een aantal achtergrondtesten bij hen afgenomen: gehoorverlies, lipleesscore, informatieverwerkingssnelheid, executief functioneren (planning en organisatie), en selectieve aandacht. We onderzochten welke van deze achtergrondmaten correleerden met gemiddelde foneemdetectiescore en met de mate van {\textquoteright}audiovisual benefit{\textquoteright}. De resultaten zullen besproken worden.

}, author = {Esther Janse and Alexandra Jesse} } @article {169, title = {Lexical-stress information rapidly modulates spoken-word recognition}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Nederlandse Vereniging voor Fonetische Wetenschappen}, address = {Utrecht, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

The time-course of the effect of suprasegmental stress information on word recognition was investigated by tracking Dutch listeners{\textquoteright} looks to arrays of four printed words on a computer screen as they listened to spoken sentences. Target trials included word pairs that did not differ segmentally in their first two syllables but differed in their stress placement (e.g., {\textquoteright}BArometer{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}baroNES{\textquoteright}; capitals marking stressed syllables). The listeners{\textquoteright} eye-movements showed that they used stress information to disambiguate rapidly between word candidates. For example, when hearing {\textquoteright}baroNES{\textquoteright}, participants looked more at {\textquoteright}baroNES{\textquoteright} than at its competitor {\textquoteright}BArometer{\textquoteright} even before segmental information could disambiguate the words. Furthermore, there was an asymmetry in the amount of competition. Words with stress on the first syllable provided stronger competition than words with non-initial stress. Lexical stress information thus affects the degree to which words compete, and it is used immediately to modulate the recognition process.

}, author = {Eva Reinisch and Alexandra Jesse and James M. McQueen} } @article {347, title = {Prosodic information in audiovisual spoken-word recognition}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Nederlandse Vereniging voor Fonetische Wetenschappen}, address = {Nijmegen, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

Prosodic information influences the spoken-word recognition process. For example, auditory lexical stress information contributes to the activation of word candidates during spoken-word recognition (Cooper, Cutler, \& Wales, 2002; van Donselaar, Koster, Cutler, 2005; Soto-Faraco, Sebasti{\'a}n-Gall{\'e}s, \& Cutler, 2001). However, we typically do not only hear but also see speakers in conversations. Visual speech (i.e., information from seeing the face of a speaker) is known to contribute to the robust recognition of speech segments (e.g., for an overview, see Massaro and Jesse, in press). Segments are better recognized when presented as audiovisual than as auditory-only speech. But little is known about visual speech{\textquoteright}s ability to provide prosodic information. The project reported here will address whether visual speech informs about lexical stress and whether this information can alter lexical competition during the audiovisual spoken-word recognition process.

Dutch word pairs that overlap in their first two syllables segmentally but differ in lexical stress were selected (e.g., OCtopus vs. okTOber; capital letters marking primary stress). In an audiovisual speech version of a cross-modal repetition priming task, the first two syllables of these pairs were presented sentence-finally either as auditory-only, visual-only, or audiovisual speech (e.g., {\textquoteleft}The password was OCto-{\textquoteright} ). On these critical trials, these primes were followed by printed presentations of either matching ({\textquoteleft}octopus{\textquoteright}) or stress-mismatching ({\textquoteleft}oktober{\textquoteright}) target words. Filler trials included nonword targets. Response times needed to indicate whether the printed items were words or nonwords were analyzed. Replicating previous results for auditory-only conditions (e.g., van Donselaar et al., 2005), matching primes should speed up and mismatching primes slow down correct target recognition compared to when unrelated primes precede target presentations (e.g., The password was machi-{\textquoteleft}, where {\textquoteleft}machi-{\textquoteright} was taken from {\textquoteleft}machine{\textquoteright}). If visual speech also conveys lexical stress information and this information influences indeed lexical activation, then for audiovisual primes, target response times should be similarly modulated by overlap in lexical stress. Results are discussed within the framework of current models of auditory and audiovisual spoken-word recognition.

}, author = {Alexandra Jesse} }